South Australia’s Olympic Cu-Au Province hosts some of the world’s great iron oxide copper gold (IOCG) deposits, such as Olympic Dam, Prominent Hill and Carrapateena. The same causative thermal event resulted in variants of this deposit class...
South Australia’s Olympic Cu-Au Province hosts some of the world’s great iron oxide copper gold (IOCG) deposits, such as Olympic Dam, Prominent Hill and Carrapateena. The same causative thermal event resulted in variants of this deposit class being created throughout the Olympic Province, which include deposits of skarn-dominated mineralisation formed where hydrothermal fluids interacted with calcareous lithologies. As part of a broader study aiming to characterise proximal to distal footprints of IOCG-type deposits in the eastern Gawler Craton, the South Australian Geological Survey (GSSA), in collaboration with Monax Mining Limited, used the Punt Hill region as a case study for developing a multi-disciplinary approach to characterise, map and predict alteration associated with skarn-dominated mineralisation which was emplaced during the same thermal event that formed IOCG deposits in the eastern Gawler Craton. The GSSA used samples from company and historic drillholes to systematically acquire co-located geochemical, spectral and petrophysical data in the Punt Hill and Red Lake areas. These data were collected from a regional and prospect-scale distribution of drillholes. Spectral scans of drill core, in the visible to thermal infrared wavelength range, were made using the HyLogger-3TM hyperspectral core scanner. Selected sample intervals were analysed for 65 elements by ICP methods, and for fluorine by specific ion electrode. Drillhole core sampling was supplemented by measurements of magnetic susceptibility and specific gravity. Inversion models of regional aeromagnetic and gravity data were generated to improve the understanding of the 3-dimensional distribution of magnetic susceptibility and density in the region. Alteration around known mineralisation in the Punt Hill region is dominated by garnet-pyroxene skarn. Skarn mineralogy identified using HyLogger-3TM spectral data of drill core samples (supported by optical mineralogy) includes prograde garnet (andradite with minor grossular) and pyroxene (dominantly diopside and augite). Retrograde minerals identified include chlorite, talc, amphibole (hornblende), potassic feldspar, epidote, tourmaline, white mica, and carbonate (calcite and siderite). These minerals and their compositions are indicative of a dominantly Ca-rich protolith and are characteristic of an oxidised Cu skarn. Skarn alteration is associated with an increase in density from background values of ~2.7 g/cm3, to values of 2.8-3.1 g/cm3 for intervals dominated by retrograde skarn, and 3.1-3.4 g/cm3 for intervals dominated by prograde skarn. Known copper mineralisation is most closely associated with partially retrogressed skarn alteration. These results suggest that targeting should be focused on rocks having a combination of prograde and retrograde mineral assemblages and therefore not associated with the peak of a gravity anomaly. This idea has important implications for refining geophysical targeting. Relationships between mineralogy and trace element chemistry were determined by classifying each drill core sample into an alteration assemblage using spectral mineralogy provided by HyLogger-3TM. This process enabled a robust method of determining elements associated with Cu mineralisation and related alteration zones. Elements associated with Cu mineralisation in the Punt Hill region include Au, Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, U, W, Zn±Co, Ce, La, S. Trace elements that are anomalous across the region and are interpreted as showing the broadest ‘footprint’ of the mineral system include Bi, Sb and As. These observations support the concept of km-scale fluid flow. Trace elements associated with mineralisation in the Punt Hill region were used to generate an index that estimates prospectivity. Based on the index, the most prospective sites are in the vicinity of drillholes GHDD6, GHDD4, GHDD1, GHDD2, GHDD3, PDDD1, WDDD1, PDDD2, MMDD1 (in order of decreasing prospectivity). Moderate values were associated with samples from drillholes GHDD5, OCDD1, PRL21_SAR8, WDDD2, WPDD2, WPDD1, HODD3, and are potential near-miss intersections. A comparison of the garnet:pyroxene ratio measured in drillholes from HyLogger-3TM data, indicates a high temperature fluid source to the south of Groundhog prospect, to the south-west of Prairie Dog and Woodchuck prospects, to the south-east of the Whistle Pig prospect, and to the east of Hoary prospect. These directions correspond to the location of proximal gravity lows in residual images and support these being deeply buried Hiltaba Suite intrusions and therefore the likely sources of hydrothermal fluids that caused intense skarn alteration. Modelled density from gravity inversions support broad areas of skarn alteration in Wallaroo Group. Although inversion results are non-unique, extensive skarn alteration can be used to explain residual gravity highs in the Red Lake area (mostly prograde skarn) and 3 north-west to south-east trending ‘corridors’ in the Punt Hill area. Modelling indicates that there are large areas of prospective ground that have not been tested by drilling. The Punt Hill regional magnetic susceptibility inversion indicates that the majority of high magnetic response within the model lies in the west to south-west (the Red Lake area) and below at least 1 km depth. However, a moderate magnetic response is modelled below many of the Punt Hill area prospects (e.g. Groundhog, Prairie Dog) and in some cases, these zones of elevated susceptibility appear to extend from the more magnetic regions located to the south-west, and from depth. The top of these more magnetic bodies are modelled below the Wandearah Formation, at a depth of ~1700 m beneath the Groundhog prospect, and may represent upflow of hydrothermal fluids. Prospect-scale gravity inversion results for Groundhog prospect indicate untested zones with similar density values to those associated with rocks encountered in the most mineralised holes, GHDD1, 2 and 6. On geophysical grounds, this indicates the potential for a similar mix of prograde and retrograde alteration and therefore, further mineralisation occurrences in the vicinity of Groundhog prospect.