The Cenozoic Eucla Basin is located on the southern margin of the Australian continent, with a present-day basin onshore edge which extends for over 2,000 km from Western Australia into South Australia. The basin’s sediment fill comprises a thin passive margin succession that extends from this onshore edge to more than 500 km offshore, to the approximate foot-of-slope of Australia’s continental margin. The preserved onshore part of the basin contains up to 300 m thickness of marine and coastal sediments of Cenozoic age, that are linked to an extensive network of peripheral paleovalleys that formerly drained the then exposed rocks of the Precambrian Yilgarn Block, Gawler Craton, Musgrave Province and Officer Basin. Understanding the geology and sedimentary evolution of the Eucla Basin and its peripheral paleovalleys has relevance to exploration for mineral placer deposits (e.g. gold, heavy minerals), for secondary mineral geochemical deposits (e.g. uranium), and for saline and rarely potable groundwater resources held in the basin and channel sediments. Having knowledge of the basin and paleovalley architecture, and of any concentrations of minerals formed within the paleochannel sediments, is also of importance because it can provide guides to the location of both paleochannel floor and catchment area bedrock lode deposits within the surrounding cratons (e.g. Yilgarn and Gawler). As a part of this investigation of the characteristics and history of the Eucla Basin and its peripheral paleovalleys, geoscientific datasets that have significance for mineral exploration have been integrated. They include interpretations drawn from field observations, a compendium of geological and drilling data, computer modelling of ancient landscapes, topographic and evaluated digital elevation models, remote sensing imagery, and geophysical data (e.g., magnetic, seismic, gravity, airborne and transient electromagnetic and radiometric, where available). These datasets have all contributed to making a systematic initial investigation of both shape and depth of the basin-paleodrainage terrains. Physical property contrasts which exist between the basin/channel sediments and the underlying bedrock, for instance, can be differentiated by geophysical methods to spatially define the basin framework and to locate possible embedded paleoshorelines/paleovalleys. Evidence from sedimentology was subsequently combined with other geological, geomorphological and geophysical characteristics, to arrive at a general reconstruction of basinal and paleovalley architectures and depositional environments. This holds that the paleovalleys were incised originally into the pre-Cenozoic landscape, that comprised mostly weathered basement and Paleozoic and Mesozoic sediments, and became the sites where fluvial, lacustrine, estuarine and marine sediments accumulated during the Paleogene and Neogene. The application by researchers of sequence stratigraphy and facies analysis across the basin and its adjacent paleodrainage network generated depositional models which were later integrated to holistically establish the changes experienced in the basin and paleovalleys as conditions, notably sea level and sediment supply, fluctuated. The subject document is a review and synthesis of the results of geoscientific research undertaken in the Eucla Basin of southern Australia during last two decades. Over that time, various investigations have been made of the geophysical and geological characteristics of the Eucla Basin and its paleovalleys, and of related mineralisation. These research projects, particularly those which were conducted on the eastern side of the basin, have materially assisted exploration, and provide fundamental data for increasing knowledge of geological processes and landscape evolution within this important region.