Porphyry Cu-(Au-Mo) deposits are typically large tonnage (>150 Mt) and low grade (<1% Cu) deposits which tend to occur in clusters, and the potential for discovering giant-sized such deposits makes them valuable exploration targets....
Porphyry Cu-(Au-Mo) deposits are typically large tonnage (>150 Mt) and low grade (<1% Cu) deposits which tend to occur in clusters, and the potential for discovering giant-sized such deposits makes them valuable exploration targets. Worldwide, this class of copper deposit has been generated since the Archaean, although younger examples, Mesozoic to Cenozoic in age, are the most abundantly preserved. In terms of geological setting, these deposits are most commonly discovered in continental arcs and oceanic arcs of Cenozoic and Quaternary age, but they have also been discovered in ancient fold belts. Porphyry Cu deposits are related to multi-phase porphyritic intrusions, typically calc-alkalic to alkalic in composition, which were successively intruded from a parent magma chamber, and the mineralisation was formed over a short time interval (10-500 Ka). Resulting mineralised rock complexes are typically comprised of multiple pipes, dykes or sills which commonly occur as vertical bodies emplaced at shallow depths. Rock alteration associated with porphyry Cu deposits is generally a consistent, broad-scale alteration/mineralisation zoning pattern characterised by several alteration assemblages: potassic, propylitic, phyllic, intermediate argillic, and advanced argillic. The main ore minerals are chalcopyrite, bornite, gold and molybdenite: ore distribution is generally stockwork, disseminated and breccia-hosted, all associated with large volumes of hydrothermal alteration. The potential for giant porphyry Cu deposits to exist in South Australia is unknown, yet given the diversity of ancient tectonic settings known to have prevailed and the established copper metal endowment of the State, it would not be unreasonable to expect such systems to exist in South Australia. Additionally, it has been found in other strongly copper-endowed localities across the globe that a continuum from IOCG-porphyry-epithermal deposits exists, and so with the advent of recent epithermal discoveries on Eyre Peninsula, the potential for porphyry systems in the region is greatly increased. In South Australia porphyry-style mineralisation is associated with various Cambrian and Neoproterozoic successions of the Adelaide Geosyncline and Stuart Shelf, e.g. the porphyry Cu deposit at Burra, and the Cu-Mo porphyry-style mineralisation at Anabama Hill within the Nackara Arc. Hydrothermal alteration/iron-metasomatism and copper mineralisation is associated with Hiltaba Suite granites in the Myall Creek area and the Lake Charles diorites on the Benagerie Ridge, suggesting that the host Mesoproterozoic granites and volcanic rocks associated with IOCG mineralisation may also harbour a continuum towards porphyry-style mineralisation. Hydrothermal assemblages seen in magmatic rocks at Billeroo in the Curnamona Province display many similarities to alkali porphyry Cu-Au systems, implying that potential may exist in such rocks for mesothermal Fe-oxide Cu-Au and skarn replacement-style mineral systems.
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