With the ever-expanding capabilities of molecular analysis our understanding of biological systems will become more complete, directly affecting our ability to adapt and apply this knowledge to industrial systems. Using state-of-the-art technologies a model of the movement of gold in the environment has been documented. To develop gold mining technologies, a multifaceted, multidisciplinary approach is required. State-of-the-art technology will advance our fundamental understanding of microbial populations and the processes involved in the bio-solubilisation and re-precipitation of gold in ores and natural waste rock piles, as well as determine the conditions for the optimal recovery of gold via biological mechanisms. Microarray-, proteomic- and culture-based techniques in combination with electron microscopic and synchrotron spectroscopic techniques will lay the foundations for novel biotechnologies for gold exploration, processing and remediation.