This review summarises Block exploration to date, provides a lengthy outline of the petroleum geology, and quantifies future hydrocarbon potential with respect to play concepts and mapped prospects and leads. Exploratory works comprising 49 wells, including 19 wildcats, plus portions of 21 seismic surveys giving a coverage of 2916 line km have historically been carried out within the Block, which has an area of 2296 km2. This has resulted in 7 economic new field discoveries, principally of dry or moderately liquids-rich Permian-sourced gas, with one field, Strzelecki, having both significant Permian gas and Jurassic oil accumulations. The estimated joint initial recoverable hydrocarbon reserves of these fields are 707.8 BCF of natural gas, 27.13 MMSTB of associated gas liquids and 9.56 MMSTB of crude oil.29 prospects, 27 strong and 7 weak leads of varying size, definition and potential are currently listed for the Block. All are structural anomalies defined by seismic investigation. The Block can be divided into 2 principal prospective sub-areas: (1) the Nappacoongee - Della - Strzelecki - Murteree - McKinlay trend where Permo-Triassic units are thinned or absent at ridge crest. This zone has considerable potential for further oil discoveries in Mesozoic units, comparable to Strzelecki Field. Several large structures remain untested; (2) southern Nappamerri Trough - an area of potential in Permian as well as in the Mesozoic sequences in numerous domes deep in the Trough: however, Permian units may be silica-cemented at depth (as in Burley 1) but Mesozoic sandstones may be gas-filled as at Namur Field. Many of the larger leads are presently ill-defined and require further seismic work. The Nappacoongee-Murteree Block is arguably the most successful and attractive of all exploration blocks in the southern Cooper Basin area. Major hydrocarbon accumulations have been discovered at many horizons, and even in abandoned wells there have usually been numerous hydrocarbon shows at many levels within a complex stratigraphy, suggesting that several types of entrapment mechanisms are operating within both the Cooper and Eromanga sections. However, few shallow structural domes remain untested, and the number of deeper domal prospects approaching maturity will only provide a range of drilling objectives sufficient for the next four years. While the potential for stratigraphic traps is high throughout the Block, the trends are exceedingly subtle and the data sparse. A continuing programme of at least 2-3 exploration wells/year is recommended to lead the geological studies aimed at identifying new plays based on new concepts of hydrocarbon generation, migration, entrapment and preservation, if the success rate of the past is not to decline, and the full potential of the Block be realised.